Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): An Overview
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age, estimated to impact between 5% to 25% of females worldwide, depending on the definition criteria. It is characterized by multiple cysts on one or both ovaries, leading to hormonal imbalances, particularly elevated levels of androgens (male hormones), which are central to its symptoms and complications.
Endocrine Abnormality and Hormonal Imbalance
PCOS is primarily an endocrine system disorder, causing hormonal imbalances that disrupt ovulation and menstrual cycles. This hormonal imbalance is a leading cause of fertility issues and menstrual disorders in women. The condition is associated with excessive production of androgens, which can lead to a range of physical symptoms.
Symptoms and Side Effects
Common symptoms of PCOS include:
- Irregular Menstrual Cycles: Absent or infrequent periods due to ovulation issues.
- Infertility: Difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation.
- Acne: Including adult acne, often linked to high androgen levels.
- Excessive Hair Growth: Hirsutism, particularly on the face and body.
- Weight Gain: Often centralized around the abdomen.
- Pelvic Pain: Discomfort in the lower abdominal area.
- Skin Changes: Thicker, darker skin patches (acanthosis nigricans).
- Increased Risk of Other Conditions: Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, mood disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, and endometrial cancer.
Causes and Risk Factors
PCOS is believed to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Key risk factors include:
- Family History: Presence of PCOS in close relatives.
- Obesity: Excess weight can exacerbate symptoms.
- Lack of Physical Activity: Sedentary lifestyle may contribute to the development or worsening of PCOS.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis typically involves the presence of at least two of the following:
- Ovulation Issues: Irregular or absent ovulation.
- High Androgen Levels: Indicated by symptoms like hirsutism or acne.
- Polycystic Ovaries: Detected via ultrasound.
These criteria help healthcare providers identify PCOS and differentiate it from other conditions that may cause similar symptoms..
